Function
of language
Gorys
Keraf:
1.
Tool to express self-expression,
language stating openly everything that is implied in our chest.
2.
Communication tools, the channel that
give birth to the formulation of intentions and feeling enable the cooperation between
individuals
3.
Tool of integration and social
adaptation, one element of culture that allows people take advantage of their
experiences, learn and take the part in the experiences, and learn to become
acquainted with other people
4.
Held instrument of social control, a
tool used in the attempt to influence the behavior and actions of others.
Roman
Jacobson
1.
The Referential Function
Language stating openly everything that is implied in our
chest
2.
The Expressive (alternatively called
"emotive" or "affective") Function
Relates to the Addresser (sender) and is best exemplified by
interjections and other sound changes that do not alter the denotative meaning
of an utterance but do add information about the Addresser's (speaker's)
internal state,
e.g. "Wow, what
a view!"
3.
The Conative Function
Engages the Addressee (receiver) directly and is best
illustrated by vocatives and imperatives,
e.g. "Tom! Come inside and eat!"
4.
The Poetic Function
Focuses on "the message for its own sake"(the code
itself, and how it is used) and is the operative function in poetry as well as
slogans.
5.
The Phatic Function
Is language for the sake of interaction and is therefore
associated with the Contact factor. The Phatic Function can be observed in
greetings and casual discussions of the weather, particularly with strangers.
It also provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close the communication
channel:
"Hello?", "Ok?", "Hummm",
"Bye"...
6.
The Metalingual (alternatively
called "metalinguistic" or "reflexive") Function
Is the use of language (what Jakobson calls
"Code") to discuss or describe itself. (All this article is an
example of metalinguistic Function).
Michael Halliday
1. 1.
Regulation function is where
language is used to tell others what to do
e.g
Go Away !!
2. Representational function is
the use of language to convey facts and information
e.g The Sun is hot
3. Interactional function serves
to ensure social maintenance
e.g Want Juice
4. Personal function is the use
of language to express feelings and individual identity
e.g
Me good girl
5. Heuristic function involves
language used to acquire knowledge, about the environment
e.g What the tractor doing?
6. Imaginative function here
language is used to tell stories and jokes and to create an imaginary
environment
Finocchiaro
and Brumfit
1.
Personal function, refers to the
speaker’s or writer’s ability to clarify his thinking, to arrange or
classifymaterial in his mind.
2.
Interpersonal function, enables to
establish and maintain desirable social and working relationship
3.
Directive function, enables us to make
request or suggestion to persuade or convince others.
4.
Referential function is the one which
had been the most frequently practiced in language classes in the past.
Peter Newmark
1.
Expression function is the mind of
author, his or her world view and intention of the prose fiction.
2.
Information function is the external
situation. The fact of a topic, reality outside language, including reported
ideas or theories in the prose fiction.
3.
Vocative function is the readership, the
expected social consequences of the author’s work.
4.
Aesthetic function is designed to please
the senses and provide fun through the use of figure of speech of symbols.
5.
Phatic function is used for maintaining
and a friendly contact with the audience rather for imparting information.
6.
Metalingual function is seldom connected
to fictional language.
